Monday, June 23, 2008
Solutionsxgen.blogspot.com
http://.www.soultionsxgen.blogspot.com is the new blog on to which all earlier posts are transferred. readers are requested to use that in future.
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Why Sectoral Funds?
Indian Capital Markets is facing fluctuations of high levels from the latter half of January 2008. Is there a case for sectoral funds? How relevant are them?
The sector specific fund is defined as one having 80% portfolio allocation in the specified segment of the economy. Some sectors in the economy moves faster than the rest and some move along with the market. The co-movement of the segment with the market is captured by the beta measure. Those that move with the market are termed aggressive and those that moves slower than the market are called defensive sectors. Market beta is considered to be 1 universally. One has to define the market index as a broad market index. One Remember, beta measure does not tell you anything about cause and effect of a particular situation. That means, post-mortem analysis needs to be done to find why the co-movement happened in the given manner.
Nevertheless, beta help us to understand whether the secotor in which we are invested, is moving in what way in relation to the market. According to our profile of risk taking, we can be in sector that suits our nature. If we are an aggressive investor, loving to live risk, we invest in aggressive sectors. if we are risk averse, we take position in the defensive segments when the market falls. By changing our position in the appropriate sectors, one can profit from the market situation.
Those who are unable to digest the sector transfer philosophy, can gain market returns by investing in the index funds on a broad market index like BSE sensex or Nifty.
Sectoral funds are avialble in all these and more. The latest entry are of Natural resources Funds, International Funds. We also have sector specific funds like Media and entertainment. What are sectoral betas in Indian Markets?
1. Technology 0.87
2. Pharma 1.00
3. Energy 1.05
4. Banking 0.76
5. MNC 0.76
6. FMCG 0.69
7. Automobile 0.84
8. Services 0.93
9. Infrastructure 1.10
(These beta measures are estimated using beta measures of funds present in the sector weighted by the Assets Under Management as on 31 May 2008)
The sector specific fund is defined as one having 80% portfolio allocation in the specified segment of the economy. Some sectors in the economy moves faster than the rest and some move along with the market. The co-movement of the segment with the market is captured by the beta measure. Those that move with the market are termed aggressive and those that moves slower than the market are called defensive sectors. Market beta is considered to be 1 universally. One has to define the market index as a broad market index. One Remember, beta measure does not tell you anything about cause and effect of a particular situation. That means, post-mortem analysis needs to be done to find why the co-movement happened in the given manner.
Nevertheless, beta help us to understand whether the secotor in which we are invested, is moving in what way in relation to the market. According to our profile of risk taking, we can be in sector that suits our nature. If we are an aggressive investor, loving to live risk, we invest in aggressive sectors. if we are risk averse, we take position in the defensive segments when the market falls. By changing our position in the appropriate sectors, one can profit from the market situation.
Those who are unable to digest the sector transfer philosophy, can gain market returns by investing in the index funds on a broad market index like BSE sensex or Nifty.
Sectoral funds are avialble in all these and more. The latest entry are of Natural resources Funds, International Funds. We also have sector specific funds like Media and entertainment. What are sectoral betas in Indian Markets?
1. Technology 0.87
2. Pharma 1.00
3. Energy 1.05
4. Banking 0.76
5. MNC 0.76
6. FMCG 0.69
7. Automobile 0.84
8. Services 0.93
9. Infrastructure 1.10
(These beta measures are estimated using beta measures of funds present in the sector weighted by the Assets Under Management as on 31 May 2008)
Sunday, June 15, 2008
To sail through a troubled market, use Dividend Yield Funds
What is Dividend yield? It stands for the result you get by dividing the rupee dividend by the purchase price of the equity share.
Dividend Yield Fund is a mutual fund created with dividend paying equity shares holding maximum percentage share in its portfolio. It is a diversified equity fund with only restriction that the portfolio is skewed towards dividend paying companies.
These kind of equity shares are also called value shares in the capital market, as they result in substantial value unlocking only in the event of a discovery, sale of assets, merger/acquistion etc..
Dividend Yield Fund is a mutual fund created with dividend paying equity shares holding maximum percentage share in its portfolio. It is a diversified equity fund with only restriction that the portfolio is skewed towards dividend paying companies.
These kind of equity shares are also called value shares in the capital market, as they result in substantial value unlocking only in the event of a discovery, sale of assets, merger/acquistion etc..
During the last one year as on 12.06.2008, the BSE Sensex returned 7.9% and for three years 30.7% respectively; The Dividend Yield Funds gave 10.22% to 18.58% with exception of Escorts Hi Yield Fund and Birla Dividend Yield Plus.
During the period under study, the diversified equity funds exhibited a standard deviation of 26.4 to 35, the dividend yield funds showed a range of 25-26 . That is why, generally it is said that dividend yield funds are best suitable for risk averse equity invesors.
When the BSE Sensex was subject to high fluctuations during 2003-2005, the dividend yield funds led by Birla Dividend Yield plus gave very good returns. But when the market enetered the phase of secular rise after 2005 till January 2008, they whithered in rate return per annum. However, they regained their status now again from Jan 2008. Thus Dividend Yield as a strategy is giving good returns only in troubled situations. So if any one is planning their funds in 50:50 for all seasons, then a suggestion could be to split between the P/E funds and Di Yi Funds. When one half is failing, the other half will support. But who can tell us when the market will turn good and when the market will turn bad? Only the market knows at best..
ABN AMRO dividend yield fund got merged with their opportunities fund w e f 10 Feb 2008 probably because of the secularly growing market from 2006 through Jan 2008.
Birla Dividend Yield Plus (Feb 2003)
Tata Dividend Yield fund(Oct 2004)
UTI Dividend Yield Fund(May 2005)
ING Dividend Yield fund(Oct 2005)
Principal Dividend Yield Fund(Sept 2004)
ABN AMRO Dividend Yield Fund(Aug 2005)
Escorts High Yield Fund(Dec 2006)
Templeton India Equity Income Fund(Apr 2006)
After 2006, No funds entered this area till date.
Sunday, June 1, 2008
SAI & SID: The twins born out of Offer Document
23 May 2008 gave a big push to the MF industry by announcing the split of repeated informations and scheme specific informations submitted to the SEBI through the Offer Document (OD)by the MFs on launching the schemes.
The MF Regulations 1996 envisaged an Offer Document but the clarity was brought in 1998 with standardised Offer Document and Key Information Memmorandum that made a distinguishion between information provided by the MF and the information collected from the Investor respectively.
After 10 years, SEBI has moved one step forward in splitting the OD into SAI and SID. SAI stands for Statement of Additional Information that deals with relatiovely stable information like Sponsor, Trustee, Banks, Auditirs, Fund Manager, Chief Operating Officer, Compliance Officer, etc.. about fund constituents, rights and duties of the investor, tax and legal matters and the MF risk clause.
SID consists of all that is required to be known about the specific scheme. Type of scheme :Equity, Debt or Call Money ; Portfolio related information like the proportionof these asset classes, Whether large Cap/Mid cap or small cap; Managed in aggressive or passive or defensive style etc.. ; It also provides information as to minimum and maximum investments etc..
KIM continues to retain all its previous characteristics: Informations from the investor and all that instructions for filing it in proper manner and place. His Name, Address.... Payment details
Changes in OD
Previously OD was revised every two years. Addendum got circulated with OD and KIM. In the new system, Addendum shall be attached to existing SID and KIM till stocks are exhausted. Within 7 days of the change, SEBI needs to informed on the same . SID to be updated within 3 months from the end of the financial year.
Same applies to KIM also. Additionally, public notice is to be given in one nation-wide English news paper and a vernacular Newspaper published from the place where the HQ of the MF is situated.
This move help MFs to reduce recurring expenses of printing oft repeated items any time a scheme is launched. It is also expected to add speed in reaching the market with new products as certain market flavours remain very short on the scene.
Customer is the King even in MFs!
The MF Regulations 1996 envisaged an Offer Document but the clarity was brought in 1998 with standardised Offer Document and Key Information Memmorandum that made a distinguishion between information provided by the MF and the information collected from the Investor respectively.
After 10 years, SEBI has moved one step forward in splitting the OD into SAI and SID. SAI stands for Statement of Additional Information that deals with relatiovely stable information like Sponsor, Trustee, Banks, Auditirs, Fund Manager, Chief Operating Officer, Compliance Officer, etc.. about fund constituents, rights and duties of the investor, tax and legal matters and the MF risk clause.
SID consists of all that is required to be known about the specific scheme. Type of scheme :Equity, Debt or Call Money ; Portfolio related information like the proportionof these asset classes, Whether large Cap/Mid cap or small cap; Managed in aggressive or passive or defensive style etc.. ; It also provides information as to minimum and maximum investments etc..
KIM continues to retain all its previous characteristics: Informations from the investor and all that instructions for filing it in proper manner and place. His Name, Address.... Payment details
Changes in OD
Previously OD was revised every two years. Addendum got circulated with OD and KIM. In the new system, Addendum shall be attached to existing SID and KIM till stocks are exhausted. Within 7 days of the change, SEBI needs to informed on the same . SID to be updated within 3 months from the end of the financial year.
Same applies to KIM also. Additionally, public notice is to be given in one nation-wide English news paper and a vernacular Newspaper published from the place where the HQ of the MF is situated.
This move help MFs to reduce recurring expenses of printing oft repeated items any time a scheme is launched. It is also expected to add speed in reaching the market with new products as certain market flavours remain very short on the scene.
Customer is the King even in MFs!
Friday, May 16, 2008
The Three Year Magic of ELSS
Equity Linked Savings Schemes(ELSS) as a class was ushered in by budget for fiscal 1990-91 with provision to deduct a maximum of Rs 10,000 invested in a specifically designed Mutual Fund scheme from Income taxable under Sec 80CCB of Income Tax act 1961.
The PSU Mutual Funds led by Unit Trust of India offered MEP 91, Canpep 91 from Canabank MF, Dhan 80 CCB (1) -Cum from LIC MF and Magnum Equity Linked Scheme '91 from SBI MF and PNB ELSS 91 from PNB MF were the pioneers in ELSS world.
MFs were to invest predominantly into equity normally 80% of its portfolio. In that respect, they as a class reflect diversified equity funds. Such schemes allowed deduction of investment amount maximum of Rs.10,000 under Sec 80 CCB of Income Tax Act 1961; after the lock-in period of 3 years, the investor can repurchase at whatever NAV of the scheme although the scheme had a maturity period of 10 years. When such repurchases were effected, the initial amount invested was considered as income of that year and taxed. The capital gains portion were also appropriately dealt with. Even if there was a capital loss, mandatory tax amount was deducted at source. That made investors learn that MF products could be risky.
Fiscal 1991-92 also had the same features. Any dividends there upon continued to be for exemption under 80L of Income Tax Act 1961.
But from next fiscal, the story was re-written all over again by the govt moving the ELSS to Sec 88, thereby enabling tax rebate 20%. Investors having income more than Rs 5 lakhs were not permitted in this route. The UTI kept their winning sales series name Master Equity Plan and launched MEP93. The underlying character of the product changed, but the name continued. This created irritations as investors in MEP91 expected same treatment in MEP 92 and 93 when they simultaneously repurchased these schemes after the lock-in-period. The Closed end schemes got notified every year as an asset class eligible for Tax rebate.
The total Collections in 1991-92 were Rs1995.50 crores which touched Rs. 100.60 crores in 1996-97 from all ELSS sold.
The learning made law makers and MF industry wiser by 1998 to amend ELSS 1992 permitting MFs to launch Open ended variety. It had the following advantages:
No launch expenses every year.
All around the year they can sell &
The investor can SIP the investment spread according to his salary
No year end pressures on the investor &
No sales overdrive in February -March by MFs
UTI launched its ETSP as an Open ended Scheme. The section provided 10,000 for ELSS, 30,000 for Infrastructure bonds and an overall limit of 70,000 for other listed items under Sec 88.
In 2003, UTI MF clubbed all five of their MEPs into a separate scheme called MEPUS from MEP93 to MEP97 into one single scheme giving option to unitholders for exit. 95% conversions were procured and no fresh investor allowed in. This was a strategic decision by UTI MF as the mandatory lock-in-period has been over, they could enhance fund management by this kind of a consolidated move.
The stock market fluctuations affect the market value of ELSS investments. As on 31 March 2004, the AUM stood at Rs 1669 crores as against Rs. 3036 crores of 31 March 2000.
From 1 April 2005, sec 80 L which gave exemption for divdidends from units ceased to exist. And the ELSS got shunted to Sec 80 C from Sec 88 making it as a closed end affair. This was freeing the individual to decide where he wants to invest and how much, instead of Govt. deciding where the tax payer's money should be invested; But there was panic in the industry as the notification mentioned the effective date as the date of notification rather than 1 April in the case of ELSS. This meant that schemes in force from 1 April 2005 to date of notificateion ie.. 03 November 2005 may not be covered under the scheme. This was subsequently clarified that they also would be covered under the new scheme.
By December 20, 2005 another clarification also came from Govt. that a MF can have one epen end scheme with prior approval of SEBI and in such cases the 'year' would be calculated from the date of purchase. This give the much awaited flexibitlity of SIP under an ELSS throughout the year.
It provided clear cut instructions about eligible investments, limits on aggregate investments in each class of assets and stipulated a maximum time of 6 months from the date of closure of sales to achieve the eligible investment criteria. UTI turned in another series of ELSS called UTI Long Term Advantage Fund
The fiscal 2007-2008 saw clubbing of 5 year bank deposits also into the Sec 80C overall limit of 1,00,000 brought in fierce competition to some extent freezing the movement of funds from banks to mutual funds.
The fiscal 2008-2009 ushered in payments for reverse mortgage into the same kitty of 1,00,000 increasing the choices further in this class.
In the overall limit of Rs 1 ,00,000 ELSS clearely scores on maturity period over the 15 year PPF, 6 year NSC and 5 year bank deposits. One do not loose any growth prospects, if not re-purchased on the completion of 3 years lock-in-period in an OES. You can thus plan your entry as well as exit.
Although they have fixed rates of interest and that are assured over the period, in the case of ELSS the returns are market related.
The risk in the case of bank deposits are determined by the capital adequacy of the bank. The AUM of ELSS has increased 3.8 times from 1727 crores in 2004-2005 to Rs 6589 crores in 2005-2006. Further to Rs.10,211 crores by 2006-2007 and Rs. 16020 crores as at 31 March 2008. That is almost 9.3 times growth in a span of 4 years.
SBI MF, Franklin India MF, HDFC MF, UTI MF are formidable presence in this class. Reliance MF has made history in terms of AUM, but the performance is under testing as yet to complete 3 years. So far only three funds have crossed 1000 crores in AUM from this class apart from Reliance: They are SBI Magnum Tax Gain and HDFC Tax saver.
The product differentiation available under ELSS beyond the plain vanilla schemes are indexing and using quantitative methodology.
Franklin India Index Tax Fund has not gained in AUM as other schemes of the fund. Lotus india AGILE Fund follows quant route to generate returns.
The PSU Mutual Funds led by Unit Trust of India offered MEP 91, Canpep 91 from Canabank MF, Dhan 80 CCB (1) -Cum from LIC MF and Magnum Equity Linked Scheme '91 from SBI MF and PNB ELSS 91 from PNB MF were the pioneers in ELSS world.
MFs were to invest predominantly into equity normally 80% of its portfolio. In that respect, they as a class reflect diversified equity funds. Such schemes allowed deduction of investment amount maximum of Rs.10,000 under Sec 80 CCB of Income Tax Act 1961; after the lock-in period of 3 years, the investor can repurchase at whatever NAV of the scheme although the scheme had a maturity period of 10 years. When such repurchases were effected, the initial amount invested was considered as income of that year and taxed. The capital gains portion were also appropriately dealt with. Even if there was a capital loss, mandatory tax amount was deducted at source. That made investors learn that MF products could be risky.
Fiscal 1991-92 also had the same features. Any dividends there upon continued to be for exemption under 80L of Income Tax Act 1961.
But from next fiscal, the story was re-written all over again by the govt moving the ELSS to Sec 88, thereby enabling tax rebate 20%. Investors having income more than Rs 5 lakhs were not permitted in this route. The UTI kept their winning sales series name Master Equity Plan and launched MEP93. The underlying character of the product changed, but the name continued. This created irritations as investors in MEP91 expected same treatment in MEP 92 and 93 when they simultaneously repurchased these schemes after the lock-in-period. The Closed end schemes got notified every year as an asset class eligible for Tax rebate.
The total Collections in 1991-92 were Rs1995.50 crores which touched Rs. 100.60 crores in 1996-97 from all ELSS sold.
The learning made law makers and MF industry wiser by 1998 to amend ELSS 1992 permitting MFs to launch Open ended variety. It had the following advantages:
No launch expenses every year.
All around the year they can sell &
The investor can SIP the investment spread according to his salary
No year end pressures on the investor &
No sales overdrive in February -March by MFs
UTI launched its ETSP as an Open ended Scheme. The section provided 10,000 for ELSS, 30,000 for Infrastructure bonds and an overall limit of 70,000 for other listed items under Sec 88.
In 2003, UTI MF clubbed all five of their MEPs into a separate scheme called MEPUS from MEP93 to MEP97 into one single scheme giving option to unitholders for exit. 95% conversions were procured and no fresh investor allowed in. This was a strategic decision by UTI MF as the mandatory lock-in-period has been over, they could enhance fund management by this kind of a consolidated move.
The stock market fluctuations affect the market value of ELSS investments. As on 31 March 2004, the AUM stood at Rs 1669 crores as against Rs. 3036 crores of 31 March 2000.
From 1 April 2005, sec 80 L which gave exemption for divdidends from units ceased to exist. And the ELSS got shunted to Sec 80 C from Sec 88 making it as a closed end affair. This was freeing the individual to decide where he wants to invest and how much, instead of Govt. deciding where the tax payer's money should be invested; But there was panic in the industry as the notification mentioned the effective date as the date of notification rather than 1 April in the case of ELSS. This meant that schemes in force from 1 April 2005 to date of notificateion ie.. 03 November 2005 may not be covered under the scheme. This was subsequently clarified that they also would be covered under the new scheme.
By December 20, 2005 another clarification also came from Govt. that a MF can have one epen end scheme with prior approval of SEBI and in such cases the 'year' would be calculated from the date of purchase. This give the much awaited flexibitlity of SIP under an ELSS throughout the year.
It provided clear cut instructions about eligible investments, limits on aggregate investments in each class of assets and stipulated a maximum time of 6 months from the date of closure of sales to achieve the eligible investment criteria. UTI turned in another series of ELSS called UTI Long Term Advantage Fund
The fiscal 2007-2008 saw clubbing of 5 year bank deposits also into the Sec 80C overall limit of 1,00,000 brought in fierce competition to some extent freezing the movement of funds from banks to mutual funds.
The fiscal 2008-2009 ushered in payments for reverse mortgage into the same kitty of 1,00,000 increasing the choices further in this class.
In the overall limit of Rs 1 ,00,000 ELSS clearely scores on maturity period over the 15 year PPF, 6 year NSC and 5 year bank deposits. One do not loose any growth prospects, if not re-purchased on the completion of 3 years lock-in-period in an OES. You can thus plan your entry as well as exit.
Although they have fixed rates of interest and that are assured over the period, in the case of ELSS the returns are market related.
The risk in the case of bank deposits are determined by the capital adequacy of the bank. The AUM of ELSS has increased 3.8 times from 1727 crores in 2004-2005 to Rs 6589 crores in 2005-2006. Further to Rs.10,211 crores by 2006-2007 and Rs. 16020 crores as at 31 March 2008. That is almost 9.3 times growth in a span of 4 years.
SBI MF, Franklin India MF, HDFC MF, UTI MF are formidable presence in this class. Reliance MF has made history in terms of AUM, but the performance is under testing as yet to complete 3 years. So far only three funds have crossed 1000 crores in AUM from this class apart from Reliance: They are SBI Magnum Tax Gain and HDFC Tax saver.
The product differentiation available under ELSS beyond the plain vanilla schemes are indexing and using quantitative methodology.
Franklin India Index Tax Fund has not gained in AUM as other schemes of the fund. Lotus india AGILE Fund follows quant route to generate returns.
Sunday, May 11, 2008
Product Differentiation in the Debt Mutual Funds
From mere Assured Returns of 1970-1990s, the debt funds found themselves emerging as MIPs without assured returns led by Birla Mutual Fund, ICICI Pru etc.. during the early years of opening up of the industry to private players. MIPs offered a certain periodic cash flows at predetermined frequencies(Monthly, quarterly, half yearly and annally).
Money Market Instruments like Certificate of Participation, Certificate of deposits and Interbank Participation Certificates got introduced in 1988-89. Side by side another class evolved the Money Market Mutual Funds (April 1992) . Private Sector was allowed to launch MMMFs by 1995-1996. UTI News, October 1996 has a mention that MMMFs as a class has gained popularity and tehy would also like to introduce the same shortly. But the first AMFI newsletter October1998 has not captured this as a separate class, though the ELSS has been recognized. But there is a mention that cheque writing facility has been granted for MMMFs in the Newsletter dated April 1999 that such cheques would not have the characteristics of the negotiable instrument.
By1999, bond funds drifted silently to the maturity matching versions of MIPs called serial plans. Kotak Mahindra Mutual fund was th efirst to have this in their fold, soon copied by others like Dundee, Sun F&C and Prudential ICICI with maximum maturity of 3 years, such schemes subsequently got legalised as Fixed Maturity Plans(FMPs). They gave safety of bank FDs and ease of Current Accounts simultaneusly. Probably the parenthood (Bank , FI sponsored MFs) had a bearing on designing new products. Cash rich Institutions and Companies in fact were holding major chunk in such schemes. SEBI intervened to wipe off solitary member schemes by 2003.
Income Distribution Tax on schemes with less than 50% exposure to equity was imposed in 1999 @ 11% and then hiked to 22% in 2000-2001. By 2005-2006, the FMPs were fully established. Even today the FMPs score over conventional FDs on several aspects.
In 1998 RBI cleared the way for Gilt Funds that primarily invested in govt paper and Kotak Mahindra Mutual Fund took the credit for pioneering it in 1999 .Today we have both short term and long term gilt funds.
In February 2002, SEBI permitted MFs to invest 4% of their Net Assets in high quality, convertible currency, Govt/Non-Govt instruments subject to maximum of $50 million. This opened a new world of opportunities. Franklin India International Fund (Dec 2002) is an example.
There is Debt Funds that specialise in Corporate Debt paper. ING Select Debt Fund (Sep 2004) is such one.
Debt Funds in General can be classified into 3 groups:
1. Passive Funds (Income and gilt funds) do well in the falling markets
2. Active Debt Funds (also called Dynamic funds) do well in a volatile market and
3. Accrual Funds(Other wise called Floating Rate Funds, Liquid funds) do well in a rising market
They give best results in the respective market condition. But Indian markets saw
Standard Chartered All Seasons Bond A (Aug 2004) is an Fund of Funds that has been designed to perform in all the three market conditions.
When derivatives were opened for MFs, Arbitrage Funds found their way into the market. The first such fund was offered by M/s. Benchmark AMC. The Benchmark Derivative Fund with a self imposed AUM of 100 crores was launched in Dec 2004. The corpus limit lifted by 26 April 2005.
Debt Funds started declaring dividend(income distribution) at chosen intervals otherthan the traditional monthly, quarterly and annual versions climbing the waves of tax-free dividend(income distributions). The liquid versions with floating interest rates linked to PLR of a chosen bank, MIBOR or LIBOR, CRISIL Balanced Index etc.. started filled the vaccum.
By Mid 2005, we find a lot of interval funds coming to the market. The CPOSs got christened by SEBI in August 2006.
As more and more interval funds started coming, the fund houses recognized that they can save on OD filing fees and attended procedures of FMPs. The first of its kind came from HDFC Quarterly Interval Plan A(March 2007). Investor anyway gets the benefit of enhanced returns resulting from the hedging strategies. Also the subscription and redemption intervals are fixed. Investors were aware of the additional risk of the market expectation that the fund manager undertakes in creating that extra. So FMPs continued to exist with 1 month, 90 days, 180 days, 366 days 550 days etc.. helping investors to reduce Interest Rate Risk.
When SEBI noticed that the FMP funds were primarily finding deployment in Bank FDs in an urge to improve AUM, 15% cap was installed on such temperoray fund allocation by MFs.
The old fashioned MIPs without Assured Returns shrink in AUM. Total AUM of the 31 MIPs stood at 2923.57 crores as at 31 March 2008. Except the HDFC MF, no other fund house got a MIP of decent size by 31 March 2008.
2008 saw the Equit Index Linked editions of FMPs with ICICI Pru taking the lead.
Money Market Instruments like Certificate of Participation, Certificate of deposits and Interbank Participation Certificates got introduced in 1988-89. Side by side another class evolved the Money Market Mutual Funds (April 1992) . Private Sector was allowed to launch MMMFs by 1995-1996. UTI News, October 1996 has a mention that MMMFs as a class has gained popularity and tehy would also like to introduce the same shortly. But the first AMFI newsletter October1998 has not captured this as a separate class, though the ELSS has been recognized. But there is a mention that cheque writing facility has been granted for MMMFs in the Newsletter dated April 1999 that such cheques would not have the characteristics of the negotiable instrument.
By1999, bond funds drifted silently to the maturity matching versions of MIPs called serial plans. Kotak Mahindra Mutual fund was th efirst to have this in their fold, soon copied by others like Dundee, Sun F&C and Prudential ICICI with maximum maturity of 3 years, such schemes subsequently got legalised as Fixed Maturity Plans(FMPs). They gave safety of bank FDs and ease of Current Accounts simultaneusly. Probably the parenthood (Bank , FI sponsored MFs) had a bearing on designing new products. Cash rich Institutions and Companies in fact were holding major chunk in such schemes. SEBI intervened to wipe off solitary member schemes by 2003.
Income Distribution Tax on schemes with less than 50% exposure to equity was imposed in 1999 @ 11% and then hiked to 22% in 2000-2001. By 2005-2006, the FMPs were fully established. Even today the FMPs score over conventional FDs on several aspects.
In 1998 RBI cleared the way for Gilt Funds that primarily invested in govt paper and Kotak Mahindra Mutual Fund took the credit for pioneering it in 1999 .Today we have both short term and long term gilt funds.
In February 2002, SEBI permitted MFs to invest 4% of their Net Assets in high quality, convertible currency, Govt/Non-Govt instruments subject to maximum of $50 million. This opened a new world of opportunities. Franklin India International Fund (Dec 2002) is an example.
There is Debt Funds that specialise in Corporate Debt paper. ING Select Debt Fund (Sep 2004) is such one.
Debt Funds in General can be classified into 3 groups:
1. Passive Funds (Income and gilt funds) do well in the falling markets
2. Active Debt Funds (also called Dynamic funds) do well in a volatile market and
3. Accrual Funds(Other wise called Floating Rate Funds, Liquid funds) do well in a rising market
They give best results in the respective market condition. But Indian markets saw
Standard Chartered All Seasons Bond A (Aug 2004) is an Fund of Funds that has been designed to perform in all the three market conditions.
When derivatives were opened for MFs, Arbitrage Funds found their way into the market. The first such fund was offered by M/s. Benchmark AMC. The Benchmark Derivative Fund with a self imposed AUM of 100 crores was launched in Dec 2004. The corpus limit lifted by 26 April 2005.
Debt Funds started declaring dividend(income distribution) at chosen intervals otherthan the traditional monthly, quarterly and annual versions climbing the waves of tax-free dividend(income distributions). The liquid versions with floating interest rates linked to PLR of a chosen bank, MIBOR or LIBOR, CRISIL Balanced Index etc.. started filled the vaccum.
By Mid 2005, we find a lot of interval funds coming to the market. The CPOSs got christened by SEBI in August 2006.
As more and more interval funds started coming, the fund houses recognized that they can save on OD filing fees and attended procedures of FMPs. The first of its kind came from HDFC Quarterly Interval Plan A(March 2007). Investor anyway gets the benefit of enhanced returns resulting from the hedging strategies. Also the subscription and redemption intervals are fixed. Investors were aware of the additional risk of the market expectation that the fund manager undertakes in creating that extra. So FMPs continued to exist with 1 month, 90 days, 180 days, 366 days 550 days etc.. helping investors to reduce Interest Rate Risk.
When SEBI noticed that the FMP funds were primarily finding deployment in Bank FDs in an urge to improve AUM, 15% cap was installed on such temperoray fund allocation by MFs.
The old fashioned MIPs without Assured Returns shrink in AUM. Total AUM of the 31 MIPs stood at 2923.57 crores as at 31 March 2008. Except the HDFC MF, no other fund house got a MIP of decent size by 31 March 2008.
2008 saw the Equit Index Linked editions of FMPs with ICICI Pru taking the lead.
Sunday, May 4, 2008
Wealth Management
Requires Good Financial Planning. It is required for Individual, Proprietory Units, SMEs, Corporates and all kind of legal entities. Human beings may get biased in their thinking process tehreby limiting decision making capabilities.
A planned, accepted, monitired and properly led financial plan keeps you floating in all weathers. Portfolio Doctor helps in this regard.
A planned, accepted, monitired and properly led financial plan keeps you floating in all weathers. Portfolio Doctor helps in this regard.
Friday, April 25, 2008
In the Reality.......
SEBI sholw be congratulated for being steadfast in the finalisation of regulations for Real estate MFs that were put for public opinion by December 2007.
Indian players are keen to utilise the Real Estate Opportunities is evidenced by the presence of two mutual fund houses already in the periphery of the theme: ICICI Pru Real Estate Securities Fund investing in debt/equity of companies in the real estate segment, a CES and the ING Global Real Estate Fund, a reality fund that takes global equity in its fold, an OES. If one looks at NAV of the both funds as on 25th April 2008, ICICI Pru Real Estate Securities Fund is down at Rs 9.6407 per unit when ING Global Real Estate Fund is Rs. 10.80 shows the effect of international diversification in the context of a falling domestic market in the Real Estate Sector.
REITs in India are called REMFs. The committee constituted by SEBI submitted its report way back in 2001 favouring MF mode than Collective Investment Schemes (CIS) mode. The public opinion was heard from December 2007 to January10, 2008 by SEBI. The Trustees could be banks/Financial Institutions/Insurance companies and Body Incorporated. It has to be CES listed on the bourses. The investments have to be rated, valued and appraised and regular NAV declared. The Appraiser, Valuer and Rating Agency needs to be recognized by SEBI. No investment in vacant land/ non-income earning assets is possible. Single project limit for investment put at 15% and for a group 25%.
Scheme sould declare NAV daily. Two independent valuers accedted with the recognised credit rating agency are to value the asset after 90 days of purchase and the lowest of it is to be taken for computation of NAV. 35% in real estate and rest in mortgage backed securities/securities of companies engaged in real estate/undertaking real estate development projects/others - all capped at 75%.
More than that there is city/Single Security/limits to ward off portfolio concentration. Sponsor/Associates cannot have their real estate assets or that in which they have substatial rights shunted to their own REMF.
Happy investing really!!
Indian players are keen to utilise the Real Estate Opportunities is evidenced by the presence of two mutual fund houses already in the periphery of the theme: ICICI Pru Real Estate Securities Fund investing in debt/equity of companies in the real estate segment, a CES and the ING Global Real Estate Fund, a reality fund that takes global equity in its fold, an OES. If one looks at NAV of the both funds as on 25th April 2008, ICICI Pru Real Estate Securities Fund is down at Rs 9.6407 per unit when ING Global Real Estate Fund is Rs. 10.80 shows the effect of international diversification in the context of a falling domestic market in the Real Estate Sector.
REITs in India are called REMFs. The committee constituted by SEBI submitted its report way back in 2001 favouring MF mode than Collective Investment Schemes (CIS) mode. The public opinion was heard from December 2007 to January10, 2008 by SEBI. The Trustees could be banks/Financial Institutions/Insurance companies and Body Incorporated. It has to be CES listed on the bourses. The investments have to be rated, valued and appraised and regular NAV declared. The Appraiser, Valuer and Rating Agency needs to be recognized by SEBI. No investment in vacant land/ non-income earning assets is possible. Single project limit for investment put at 15% and for a group 25%.
Scheme sould declare NAV daily. Two independent valuers accedted with the recognised credit rating agency are to value the asset after 90 days of purchase and the lowest of it is to be taken for computation of NAV. 35% in real estate and rest in mortgage backed securities/securities of companies engaged in real estate/undertaking real estate development projects/others - all capped at 75%.
More than that there is city/Single Security/limits to ward off portfolio concentration. Sponsor/Associates cannot have their real estate assets or that in which they have substatial rights shunted to their own REMF.
Happy investing really!!
Thursday, April 24, 2008
Naming Funds is Fun!?
Naming a Fund is akin to naming a child?
In good olden days, the child used to be named with Tharavadu, Illapperu, Grandfatther's name, Father's Name and the whatever name the child would be called about and finally the Religion salutation. subsequently, Grandfather's name and Illapperu slipped off, then Father's Name, followed by Religion salutation, and latest tail off being Tharavadu. Some names are such that one cannot infer the religion/sex of the person; What to say about names, even dressing up has made it impossible to make difference between boy or girl!!!
That being the societal background, how can we expect the Mutual funds to be different?
They are creation of Law. They have to follow the nomenclature as given in the SEBI MF Regulation 1996 and its ammendmends from time to time. If one fund has to called an equity Fund, it has to allocate 65% or more of portfolio into equity. If it is a sectoral fund, it can hold up to 80% of its assets in that segment specialised. The Offer Document gives the prospective investor all information required to make an investment decision. It contain in very clear terms the risk clause that says Past performance, Name of the Fund or its constituents do not gurantee any future performance or indicate anything about future.
Now look at these Names and guess what it holds for you. TIGER, LION, CUB, ACE, SMILE, COMMO, ATM, PRUDENCE, AGILE, GenNexT, Hi Fi, STAR, DISCOVERY and REAL; Now read on to find out what the OD really meant!
DSP ML TIGER Fund
The Infrastructure Growth and Economic Reforms got abbreviated into TIGER.
ING LION Fund
Large-Cap, Intermediate-Cap, Opportunities, New Fund Offering became LION.
ING CUB Fund
Competitive Upcoming Businesses got known as CUB
Morgan Stanley ACE Fund
After 14 years in India with their first equity scheme listed on the bourses, Morgan Stanley broke the silence offering "ACROSS CAPITALISATION EQUITY" Fund.
Sundaram BNP Paribus SMILE Fund
Small and Medium Indian Leading Equities came to be known as SMILE
SBI Magnum COMMO Fund
Invests in equity shares of companies that are into the commodities (metals/non-metals)business;
ING ATM Fund
It refers to "Against the Market" philosophy followed by the fund in its portfolio management.
HDFC Prudence Fund
It is a balanced fund following 60:40 asset allocation
Lotus India AGILE Tax Fund
Alpha Generated From Industry Leaders got shortened to AGILE
Birla Sun Life GenNexT Fund
Invests in equity of companies whose products are sought after by Indian Youth.
J M Hi Fi Fund
Housing, Infrastructure, Financial services became Hi Fi
Taurus Starshare Fund, Optimix 5 Star MultiManager Fund and ICICI Prudential Emerging Star Fund wear STAR in their Name.
Taurus Starshare is an opened end equity scheme offering long term capital appreciation.
Optimix 5 Star MultiManager Fund aims at using MultiManager style in managing the portfolio of Fund of Funds as an open end equity scheme.
ICICI Prudential Emerging STAR Fund defines STAR as" Stocks Targeted At Returns"
Taurus Discovery Stock Fund and ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund have attached discovery to tehir Names.
Taurus Discovery Fund aims at utitising Price Discovery Mechanism for identification and selection of of low priced securities.
ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund promises to use lot of research to identify currently underpriced, fundamentally strong shares.
Sahara REAL Fund
REAL stands for Retailing, Entertainment and Media Leaders; The AMC has not given any link so far on website for this product.
In good olden days, the child used to be named with Tharavadu, Illapperu, Grandfatther's name, Father's Name and the whatever name the child would be called about and finally the Religion salutation. subsequently, Grandfather's name and Illapperu slipped off, then Father's Name, followed by Religion salutation, and latest tail off being Tharavadu. Some names are such that one cannot infer the religion/sex of the person; What to say about names, even dressing up has made it impossible to make difference between boy or girl!!!
That being the societal background, how can we expect the Mutual funds to be different?
They are creation of Law. They have to follow the nomenclature as given in the SEBI MF Regulation 1996 and its ammendmends from time to time. If one fund has to called an equity Fund, it has to allocate 65% or more of portfolio into equity. If it is a sectoral fund, it can hold up to 80% of its assets in that segment specialised. The Offer Document gives the prospective investor all information required to make an investment decision. It contain in very clear terms the risk clause that says Past performance, Name of the Fund or its constituents do not gurantee any future performance or indicate anything about future.
Now look at these Names and guess what it holds for you. TIGER, LION, CUB, ACE, SMILE, COMMO, ATM, PRUDENCE, AGILE, GenNexT, Hi Fi, STAR, DISCOVERY and REAL; Now read on to find out what the OD really meant!
DSP ML TIGER Fund
The Infrastructure Growth and Economic Reforms got abbreviated into TIGER.
ING LION Fund
Large-Cap, Intermediate-Cap, Opportunities, New Fund Offering became LION.
ING CUB Fund
Competitive Upcoming Businesses got known as CUB
Morgan Stanley ACE Fund
After 14 years in India with their first equity scheme listed on the bourses, Morgan Stanley broke the silence offering "ACROSS CAPITALISATION EQUITY" Fund.
Sundaram BNP Paribus SMILE Fund
Small and Medium Indian Leading Equities came to be known as SMILE
SBI Magnum COMMO Fund
Invests in equity shares of companies that are into the commodities (metals/non-metals)business;
ING ATM Fund
It refers to "Against the Market" philosophy followed by the fund in its portfolio management.
HDFC Prudence Fund
It is a balanced fund following 60:40 asset allocation
Lotus India AGILE Tax Fund
Alpha Generated From Industry Leaders got shortened to AGILE
Birla Sun Life GenNexT Fund
Invests in equity of companies whose products are sought after by Indian Youth.
J M Hi Fi Fund
Housing, Infrastructure, Financial services became Hi Fi
Taurus Starshare Fund, Optimix 5 Star MultiManager Fund and ICICI Prudential Emerging Star Fund wear STAR in their Name.
Taurus Starshare is an opened end equity scheme offering long term capital appreciation.
Optimix 5 Star MultiManager Fund aims at using MultiManager style in managing the portfolio of Fund of Funds as an open end equity scheme.
ICICI Prudential Emerging STAR Fund defines STAR as" Stocks Targeted At Returns"
Taurus Discovery Stock Fund and ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund have attached discovery to tehir Names.
Taurus Discovery Fund aims at utitising Price Discovery Mechanism for identification and selection of of low priced securities.
ICICI Prudential Discovery Fund promises to use lot of research to identify currently underpriced, fundamentally strong shares.
Sahara REAL Fund
REAL stands for Retailing, Entertainment and Media Leaders; The AMC has not given any link so far on website for this product.
International Funds by Indian MFs
Principal Global Opportunities Fund (March 2004)
Franklin Asian Equity (Dec 2007)
Fidelity Internatioanl Opportunities Fund(Apr 2007)
DWS Global Thematic Offshore Fund (Aug 2007)
DSP ML World Gold Fund(Aug 2007)
Birla Sunlife International Equity Plan A(Oct 2007)
ABN AMRO Chian-Indo Fund(Oct 2007)
HSBC Emerging Markets Fund ( Feb 2008)
Even among the International theme, one can find the sub-theme as infrastructure or Gold or country specific/Region specific isues; By Apr 2008, 13 such funds exists and hardly two of them have exceeded the limit prescribed. However, SEBI is taking anticipatory action along with RBI directing funds outside.
Apr 08, 2008 Limit enhanced to USD 7 billion; all other conditions remain same.
Sep 26, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 5 billion with overall limit per MF up to USD 300 million
May 14, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 4 billion with overall limit per MF lifted to USD 200million
Jan 04, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 3 billion subject to individual fund sub-ceiling of 10% of Asset Under Mgt in any year with overall limit to USD 150 million per mutual fund.
Apr 04, 2003 Foreign equities of companies that have shareholding atleast 10% in an Indian listed company; overall MFs Limit USD 1 billion
Franklin Asian Equity (Dec 2007)
Fidelity Internatioanl Opportunities Fund(Apr 2007)
DWS Global Thematic Offshore Fund (Aug 2007)
DSP ML World Gold Fund(Aug 2007)
Birla Sunlife International Equity Plan A(Oct 2007)
ABN AMRO Chian-Indo Fund(Oct 2007)
HSBC Emerging Markets Fund ( Feb 2008)
Even among the International theme, one can find the sub-theme as infrastructure or Gold or country specific/Region specific isues; By Apr 2008, 13 such funds exists and hardly two of them have exceeded the limit prescribed. However, SEBI is taking anticipatory action along with RBI directing funds outside.
Apr 08, 2008 Limit enhanced to USD 7 billion; all other conditions remain same.
Sep 26, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 5 billion with overall limit per MF up to USD 300 million
May 14, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 4 billion with overall limit per MF lifted to USD 200million
Jan 04, 2007 Limit enhanced to USD 3 billion subject to individual fund sub-ceiling of 10% of Asset Under Mgt in any year with overall limit to USD 150 million per mutual fund.
Apr 04, 2003 Foreign equities of companies that have shareholding atleast 10% in an Indian listed company; overall MFs Limit USD 1 billion
Tuesday, April 22, 2008
Wealth Creation in 21st century
An article on how to plan Wealth Creation for 21st Century was published in COGNIZANCE a Research Journal published from Commerce Dept of St. Alberts College, Ernakulam. As you get a fresh job, youngsters have lot of expenses; lot of dreams to realise. The article helps to plan sensibly. As an indicator you may recall Kautilyas rule of thumb: Operational expenses for tax collection should not be more than 20% of the collection. Use the same anlogy in your case:spend not more than 20% of your pay for maintaining that job(including life style expenses).
Make Up Room News
Since March 11, 2008 more than a dozen Fund Houses have filed their OD on the SEBI website waiting for the Muhoorta for a good launch. It included 6 Equity schemes, 3 Derivative Funds, some Interval Funds and Several FMPs. What was interesting to note was
1. Bharati Axa Investment Managers are planning to make thier entry by a big splash offering three products: one each in Equity, Treasury and the Liquid category.
2. Both Birla sun Life and HSBC have named their Debt Funds that use derivatives as "Equity Linked" to denote that the portfolio contain floating coupon bonds that has got the coupons linked to some equity index or equity scheme!!! Is n't it a surrogate attempt to sell on the market familiar terms like "ULIP" and "ELSS".
3. The FMPs that are now selling is getting dried up by 24th April 2008; The lining up from 7 fund houses may get opening after the 29th April 2008 credit policy by RBI
1. Bharati Axa Investment Managers are planning to make thier entry by a big splash offering three products: one each in Equity, Treasury and the Liquid category.
2. Both Birla sun Life and HSBC have named their Debt Funds that use derivatives as "Equity Linked" to denote that the portfolio contain floating coupon bonds that has got the coupons linked to some equity index or equity scheme!!! Is n't it a surrogate attempt to sell on the market familiar terms like "ULIP" and "ELSS".
3. The FMPs that are now selling is getting dried up by 24th April 2008; The lining up from 7 fund houses may get opening after the 29th April 2008 credit policy by RBI
Life Style Funds
an interesting theme got the fancy of MFs: Life Style changes of Indian Youth. What products the Indian Youth buy, make a portfolio of Shares of the companies that produce them!!
Kotak Lifestyle Fund (Feb 2006)
Birla GenNext Fund
UTI Lifestle Fund
Kotak Lifestyle Fund (Feb 2006)
Birla GenNext Fund
UTI Lifestle Fund
Gold! ..... hold your breath....
Gold has a glittering past being an acceptable medium of exchange in trade from time immemorial. By early 19th Century, the Gold Specie standard became common among nations for trade settlement. Fine quality gold was the medium for settlement. Later from 1922-1936 we have the system of paper currency settlements that are backed by gold known as gold bullion standard(Brussels). Content of gold remained the same fine quality and quantity. It again went change when in 1946 Brettons Wood Conference when every member country wanted convertibilty of their currency into multiple currencies than gold. So the gold content in the currency got fixed and the without approval of IMF, no one member shall change the parity became the norm. From the Gold Control Act 1962 that prohibited trade in gold in any form, Govt. of india launched the Gold Bond Scheme through Sate Bank of India for bringing into its reserves physical gold lying with individulas. The scheme was a damp squid and did n't succeed much as people feared harrassment by IT/bank officials. In 1990 Sovereign gold was pledged to come out of BOP crisis. In 1991, keeping pace with liberalization, gold import was allowed. India hold gold as part of its reserves too.
Over the years, gold remained everybody's attraction. As an investment, you have two distinctive products in this class.
1. Gold as ETFs
1. Gold as ETFs
They are gold units traded on the exchange. One unit of ETF traded will have gold content equal to one-tenth of an ounze of gold(1oz=28.35gm). The monetary value of the ETF unit will depend upon the currency in which you are dealing. It is available on London Stock Exchange, australian Stock Exchange as Gold Bullion Securities and on New York Stock Exchange as Street Tracks Gold share(2004). In India, we have gold ETFs traded on NSE eg: Gold BeES from Benchmark (2007). The price is determined as the AM fixing Price by London Bullion Market Association and translated into Indian Rupees @ foreign exchange applicable as per FEDAI under the FEMA rules.
2. Physical Gold either as Coins/Bullion Bars
2. Physical Gold either as Coins/Bullion Bars
You can own gold coins/bars in India from banks/Jewllers/Commodity Exchnage s like NCDC/MCX through their brokers.
To understand Gold Funds, it is necessary to undestand what properties gold posses and how gold as an asset class perform. See the strength of relationship among dofferent asset classes from US economy and what returns Indian asset classes earned. Gold is inflation resistant as can be seen from the data from the US market and Indian market. This property makes it a defensive asset in one's portfolio.
From time immemorial, Gold has been a medium of exchange; After the Gold standards give way to SDRs of IMF, the world has changed quite a lot.
The Forces of Exchange rates, Interest Rates and Purchasing Power (manifested in inflation rates ) affect gold prices;
Commodity trading opportunities in Gold in India are available at NCDEX, MCX and NMCE through their approved brokers network. Geojit Financial Services Ltd, JRG Securities Ltd, RiddiSiddi Bullions Ltd are some of the brokers who deal in kilo gold, mini gold contracts. NCDEX has come up with even 8gm contract.
Banks have been permitted to import and sell gold coins/bullion bars
But after all how much gold should you hold in your portfolio?
The answer is 15% to 20% as
- European Central Bank (1999) based on internal studies DECIDED TO HOLD 15%.
- Germmill & Hillman created a model based on 20 years data suggests 20%
Individulas sholud do a comprehensive planning of their gold purchases as one will have personal effects and investment effects. The investment part is best in coins and bars than in jewellery.
Supply of gold is either from imports/Recycled/production from Kolar mines. One of the leading consumers of gold globally, India uses about 800-900 tonnes of gold. Gold buying inborn to Indians: Celeberations like Diwali (Oct 28, 2008 ), in North or Vishu (April 14) in South cannot go without gold. "Dhantheras"(November 07, 2007), "Akshay tridiya"(May 07, 2008) are considered auspicious to have gold for prosperity. Please note that the exact date may vary according to the year.
According to Hindu mythology, Lord Krishna gifted Draupati "Akshaya patra" , the vessel of unlimited bounty which would give her anything that she ask for when Pandavas were away in the forest. And when you buy gold on the Akshayatrithiya day, prosperity come home .The day is dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi in a very special way.
Badrinath temple opens after 6 months closure on this day. Brindavan does not have Krishna adorned on this day like Lord Narasimha at Simhachalan in Andhra Pradesh. But in Uddupi, Lord Krishna is adored in sandalwood on that day. There is no lack of festivals in this land of diversity, one can find reasons for celeberation all the time.
Poet Dharumi wanted to win the bag of 1000 gold mohras from the King performing Thirivilayadaal... GOLD is in the culture as traits in your genes.
A land of varied cultures, it has festivals all months in the calendar year in one or other part. There are about 450,000 goldsmiths engaged in this segment that is largely unorganised. There are over 15000 players in the gold processing industry of which 80% constitute about $4.15million. Corporatisation is on with branded players entering the field including the over-the-counter coin selling banks.
The essential part of girl's wardrobe(men also). Cultural practices , Religious Practice of permission to women only to wear gold and silk(in certain sects like muslim) is also another reason for craze for gold.Ornaments are part of any community and when it is in gold, one is elite class. Valentines Day is becoming another day for gold purchases.
Corporates uses old Coins as gifts for sales promotion, reward for loyalty( ONGC, Power Grid Corpn, NTPC) issue of commemorative gold coins(LIC golden jubilee year, ), etc..Imagine 85000 employees per PSU undertaking rewarded with 8gm coin;May be an opportunity in 100 years or 75 years or 50 years...
From simple medallions in Sports/Education gold has moved to varied purposes.
A cash benefit given to the employee is valued 100% and taxed;but a gift in kind is taxed at50% purchase value makes it attractive for both employer and employee.
In 1982, the annual Indian gold consumption stood at 65 tonnes has crossed 500 tonnes per year by 2007. 80% of consumption is for jewellery fabrication (more than 22 carat purity level), 15% investment purposes and hardly 5% for industrial uses.
The fashil jewellery of 1 gm market is expanding at rocket speed.
1.http://finance.indiamart.com/markets/commodity/gold.html
2. http://goldnews.bullionvault.com/node/1558/print
3. http://www.finfacts.com/Private/curency/goldmarketprice.htm
Technology Sector Funds
An early arrival on the tech boom of Indian Capital Markets by the turn of the Century.
DSP ML Technology.Com Fund
Birla New Millenium
ICICI Pru Tech Fund
SBI Magnum IT Fund
Franklin Infotech Fund
Kotak Tech Fund
UTI Software Fund
DSP ML Technology.Com Fund
Birla New Millenium
ICICI Pru Tech Fund
SBI Magnum IT Fund
Franklin Infotech Fund
Kotak Tech Fund
UTI Software Fund
Auto Sector Funds
This is a type of Sector funds that is facing extinction now.
JM Auto Sector Fund
UTI Auto Sector Fund are the only two in this class; But UTI took the mantle of transportation & Logistics recently widening the scope from narrow Auto segment.
JM Auto Sector Fund
UTI Auto Sector Fund are the only two in this class; But UTI took the mantle of transportation & Logistics recently widening the scope from narrow Auto segment.
Petro thro Power to Energy Funds
This class of Funds emerged initially as Petro funds, then took the mantle of Power and then migrated to Energy label.
Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund
J M Basic Industries Fund
UTI Energy Fund
Sundram Energy Opportunities Fund
Reliance Diversified Power Sector Fund
J M Basic Industries Fund
UTI Energy Fund
Sundram Energy Opportunities Fund
FMCG Funds
Not a big class by itself; But to understand how the Indian MFs are creating product differentiation in whatever form they can.
ICICI Pru FMCG Fund
Franklin FMCG Fund
SBI Magnum FMCG Fund
More funds did n't venture into this space, mostly due to non-sustainability of the heme.
ICICI Pru FMCG Fund
Franklin FMCG Fund
SBI Magnum FMCG Fund
More funds did n't venture into this space, mostly due to non-sustainability of the heme.
Sunday, April 20, 2008
The Price for being No:1
A Case Study in Banking that help students to understand banking in its Indian LPG scenario. Written in the background of Federal Bank Ltd, Alwaye, Ernakulam, India that boasts from a horading in Vyttilla Junction in Ernakulam District, facing the NH 47: "Many a good things in Banking begin at federal bank", when it faced covert takeover attempts from ICICI Bank Ltd ,Mumbai
You can read the abstract at http://www.asiacase.com/case/southAsia/icfai-MVMonica.html
You can read the abstract at http://www.asiacase.com/case/southAsia/icfai-MVMonica.html
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